![]() Moreover, 58.14% of families were consistent with the law of chromosomal recessive genetic diseases. The total scores of patients in different genetic difference levels were compared and were found significantly different (P<0.001). Among them, 116 patients were from 34 families and 9 de novo families. There were 427 patients with unilateral disease and 36 patients with bilateral disease. Results: From 2013 to 2019, a total of 463 patients were diagnosed as microtia in our hospital. Moreover, the population distribution of AD and the gestational age of patients were further analyzed. A score evaluated the similarity of auricle shape according to the structure of the residual ear and the similarity in the morphology of each auricle. For the patients from families, the disease status of the four generations of immediate family members and the family tree map were collected to analyze the similarity of auricle shape in family members. Among these patients, 116 are from 43 MCF and the other 347 patients are sporadic. Methods: This study included 463 AD patients who were diagnosed by Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, from 2013 to 2019. To obtain the characteristics of auricular deformity multiple case family (AD-MCF) and clarify the relationship between genetic similarity and auricle morphology similarity in AD-MCF. For the sporadic patients, the relationship between the gestational age of parents and the incidence of microtia is unclear. However, no studies have been performed to characterize the genetic similarity of microtia and auricle morphology similarity. For microtia, auricle morphology is the most crucial characteristic. #These authors contributed equally to this work.īackground: Earlier studies have suggested that microtia is a genetic disease with a worldwide incidence of microtia is between 0.83/10,000 and 17.40/10,000. Hua-Song Zhang 1,2,3#, Sui-Jun Chen 1,2,3#, Hai-Cang Zeng 1,2,3, Hao Xiong 1,2,3, Jun-Feng Lin 1,2,3, Yao-Dong Xu 1,2,3, Hui-Ying Zhao 4,5, Yi-Qing Zheng 1,2,3ġDepartment of Otolaryngology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China 2Institute of Hearing and Speech-Language Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China 3Department of Hearing and Speech-Language Science, Xinhua College, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China 4Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China 5Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, ChinaĬontributions: (I) Conception and design: HS Zhang, YQ Zheng, SJ Chen, HY Zhao (II) Administrative support: YQ Zheng, SJ Chen, HY Zhao (III) Provision of study materials or patients: HS Zhang, SJ Chen, HC Zeng, Hao Xiong, JF Lin, YD Xu (IV) Collection and assembly of data: H Xiong, JF Lin, YD Xu (V) Data analysis and interpretation: HS Zhang, H Xiong, JF Lin, YD Xu (VI) Manuscript writing: All authors (VII) Final approval of manuscript: All authors. Policy of Dealing with Allegations of Research Misconduct.Policy of Screening for Plagiarism Process.arises from the second cervical spinal nerve (C-2). The first cervical nerve is small and it does not contribute to cutaneous innervation. There are eight bilateral pairs of cervical spinal nerves. The ventral branch gives rise to ventral and/or lateral cutaneous nerves and innervates hypaxial mm. The dorsal branch gives rise to a dorsal cutaneous nerve and it innervates epaxial mm. Spinal nerves innervate muscles and skin via dorsal and ventral regional branches. As you will see, the elastic nuchal ligament is best developed in grazing ungulates who have more need for a passive head-elevation aid. The cat lacks nuchal and supraspinous ligaments, perhaps this contributes to its greater flexibility compared to the dog. In the neck, the mass of epaxial musculature is greatly increased and we will identify individual muscles there. 2-81), we will divide epaxial musculature into three longitudinal systems (lateral, intermediate and medial) and further subdivide each system transversely by region. As defined in your Dissection Guide (Fig. ![]() Generally, epaxial musculature consists of fascicles running from one vertebra to neighboring vertebrae. They are innervated by dorsal branches of spinal nerves and function to extend the vertebral column. Supra- = above (supraspinous ligament)Īuricularis = pertaining to the ear (great auricular n.)Įpaxial muscles (epi = upon & axial = axis) are muscles located dorsally along the spine. ![]() Longissimus = longest (longissimus system)Įpi- or ep- = on/upon/over (epaxial muscles) Nucha = nape of the neck (nuchal ligament) Ventral branches of cervical nerves 3,4,5
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